MEDIA INDUSTRIES AND AUDIENCES
Telegraph -
- age 65 - politics, royal family
-male - avengers end game article
- c2, d, e
- age 65 and over - holiday, articles on tv
- female - gossip stories
- b, c1, c2, d, e - as political stories
·
The production of the News was
in the hands of newspaper journalists editors and printers
·
Distribution of the news
occurred when newspapers sent their newspapers to Newsagents via organisations
who had some control over which publications were published, but had no control
over content
·
Newsagents and retailers sold
the newspapers to the public (circulation)
·
Producers control news content
– this is an important issue as journalists and news editors are expected to
adhere to professional standards.
·
Distribution and circulation
are combined via websites or social media
·
News shelf life’s with the
onset of Online are now short. With news
exclusives being used (in Print media) to sell
news. They are now less valuable
as the news cycle has shortened with Online News, where an exclusive can be
picked up by the competition and recycled instantly.
·
News Organisations now rely on
formats such as gossip, lifestyle journalism and sports journalism to minimise
risk.
·
With the concentration of
newspaper’s in fewer hands (oligarchies) enables Newspapers to increase profits
through increased readership.
·
With the narrowing of choice to
few Newspaper groups the owners of the Press groups the Press Barons (see
below) or Elites have the opportunity to represent their political
perspectives.
·
This applies to the narrow
range of political opinions expressed by British Newspapers with a bias to Pro
capitalism
·
The reason why Press barons own
Newspapers is to achieve status and to wield political power.
Print Media
·
Historically Print media had a
strong editorial heritage with professional standards leading to serious
journalism.
·
This was funded through the
cost of the newspaper.
On-line media
·
With the decline in Newspaper
sales there has been a decline in the quality of journalism where serious
journalism such as international news and investigative reporting have been
reduced for cost reasons
·
Advertising revenue from print
journalism has moved to Online media such as Google and Facebook
·
There has been a rise in
cheaper journalism in the form of opinion, celebrity reporting, lifestyle
journalism and sport.
·
Newspapers relied on circulation and advertising for revenue,
Tabloid Newspapers had a larger circulation but their working class audiences
were less attractive to advertisers so the Tabloids relied more on cover price.
·
Broadsheet Newspapers had smaller circulations and an attractive
upmarket audience and relied more on advertising.
·
The Daily Mail has a cover price of £ 0.65 which is relatively low
in order to boost its circulation.
·
Some Newspapers rely entirely on advertising as they are given away
(to boost circulation and attract advertising) for Free such as the Metro
·
The Daily Telegraph retails for £1.40 and applies a Paywall £3.00
per week to generate income
·
The Guardian retails for £2.20 and relies on voluntary donations for
online news and now has 800,000 paying supporters
·
Some newspapers gain revenue from advertising space where Print was
traditionally more lucrative than online advertising, however with the decline
in print sales online is increasingly more important especially as On-line has
a global audience.
|
Broadsheet newspapers |
The Guardian, Telegraph and
Times newspapers have markedly upmarket audiences and more London based
readers |
|
Redtop tabloids |
Te Sun and the Mirror have
markedly down-market audiences and the fewest London Based readers |
|
Daily Mail |
Daily Mail has the most female and
oldest audience of all newspapers and the most evenly spread readership in
terms of social class. |
|
Daily Telegraph |
Has the oldest audience of the
broadsheets. |
The content of the newspapers will reflect the social make-up of their audiences. The Daily Mail for
example has sections which reflect the lifestyle of its audience. The Femail section on Thursdays has a tab in the Mail – Online and addressees its female audience with topics similar to lifestyle magazines such as health food,, fashion and beauty. The newspaper reflects its social class by including sensationalist celebrity coverage and a fairly detailed business section.
The Mail online addresses audiences quite differently to its print sister as the style is targeted towards a younger audience and the contentment covers more celebrity gossip and international stories as its audience is much more global.
The theory suggests that: When a producer constructs a text it is encoded with a meaning or message that the producer wishes to convey to the audience
– In some instances
audiences will correctly decode the message or meaning and understand what the
producer was trying to say
– In some instances the
audience will either reject or fail to correctly understand the message
media producers encode ‘preferred meanings’ into texts, but
these texts may be ‘read’ by their audiences in a number of different ways:
• The dominant position: a ‘preferred reading’ that accepts the
text’s messages and the ideological assumptions behind the messages
• The negotiated position: the reader accepts the text’s ideological
assumptions, but disagrees with aspects of the messages, so negotiates the
meaning to fit with their ‘lived experience’
• The oppositional reading: the reader rejects both the overt message and its underlying ideological
assumptions.
Preferred - anger and rage over immigrants coming into the country
Oppositional - 1.5m is extreme and more likely only a few hundred
Negotiated - some people are angry that they are being allowed in
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